Tomographic errors from wave front healing: more than just a fast bias

Wavefront healing, in which diffractions interfere with directly traveling waves causing a reduction in recorded traveltime delays, has been postulated to cause a bias towards faster estimated Earth models. This paper reviews the theory from the mathematical physics community that explains the properties of diffractions and applies it to a suite of increasingly complicated numerical examples. We focus in particular on the elastic case and on the differences between P and S healing. We find that rather than introducing a systemic fast bias, wavefront healing gives a more complicated bias in the results of traveltime tomography, with fast anomalies even manifesting themselves as slow anomalies in some situations. Of particular interest, we find that a negative correlation between the bulk and shear or compressional velocities may result to a large extend from healing.